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> Chromium-based applications (the browser and Electron apps like VS Code)

This is most likely because they don't support Wayland. The scaling with XWayland doesn't really work great a lot of the time.

I don't use scaling for my 4K monitor, and just set text sizes larger. It feels a bit weird for a while but eventually it's actually quite a nice balance where the content is relatively larger vs. the chrome.