Comment by asveikau

> This particular type of bug doesn't happen with HANDLEs.

This does not match my experience at all. Just like what you said about EBADF, Win32 error code 6 (ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE) is a huge red flag for a race condition where a HANDLE gets re-used and inappropriately called upon in some invalid context, possibly even with security or stability concerns. I used to chase these bugs a lot when I worked on Win32 code bases.

If anything this class of bug is worse in Windows because (1) multi-threaded programs are way more common on Windows and (2) HANDLEs are used for more things than file descriptors.

I guess fd reuse is more likely because they tend to get handed out by the kernel as integers in increasing order. But handle reuse absolutely does happen, and if you have this class of bug in a process with a lot of concurrent handle creation in many threads and in a commonly used program it absolutely will bite as a bug at some point.