Comment by GekkePrutser

On different bands you can with basic filters. On the same band it would admittedly be tough (unless the band is super wide like the 6E band). It is done by radio repeaters for example but they do need big bulky filters, that kind of thing would not work on a laptop. But it is possible to transmit and receive on the same antenna at the same time, it's not a technical limitation. You just need a good enough filter.