Comment by charleshn

I've seen around 1-3% on non micro benchmarks, real applications.

Aee also this benchmark from Phoronix [0]:

  Of the 100 tests carried out for this article, when taking the geometric mean of all these benchmarks it equated to about a 14% performance penalty of the software with -O2 compared to when adding -fno-omit-frame-pointer.

I'm not saying these benchmarks or the workloads I've seen are representative of the "real world", but people keep repeating that frame pointers are basically free, which is just not the case.

[0] https://www.phoronix.com/review/fedora-frame-pointer