Comment by no-dr-onboard

> The fact that the father has divorced and is out of the picture puts them at a higher risk of poor outcomes.

Hundred percent agree on this point. My concession was that it's not always beneficial that the parents stay joined nor is it deterministic that a single father or mother is strictly worse off than an intact family with an abusive/negligent/not present parent. Ideally none would divorce, but we can't factor for that.