Comment by calf

This power law argument immediately reminds me of education studies literature that (contrary to the math teachers in this thread) emphasize that mathematical ability is learned cumulatively, that a student's success feeds on itself and advances their ability to grasp more difficult material.

As for my own half-baked opinion, I want to say that the Church-Turing Thesis and Chomsky's innate theory of cognition have something to add to the picture. Homo sapiens as a species essentially has the capacity to think analytically and mathematically; I want to argue this is a universal capacity loosely analogous to the theory of universal Turing machines. So what matters is people's early experiences where they learn how to both practice and, critically, to play, when they learn difficult ideas and skills.

Also, as an amateur pianist, most people don't know that modern piano teaching emphasizes not fixed limits of the student but that many students learn the wrong techniques even from well-meaning piano coaches. Just the other day I was watching a recent YouTube Julliard-level masterclass where the teacher was correcting a student on her finger playing technique, presumably this student had been taught the wrong technique since childhood. With music or sports a coach can visually see many such technique problems; with math teaching it of course harder.