Comment by MrMcCall
2 months ago
Thanks. They're not in the basic-data-types, but you are correct, they are available in the stdint module, which has a pub date from Oct 19, 2022. It can be found here:
> https://opam.ocaml.org/packages/stdint/
It's been a while since I investigated OCaml, so I guess this is a recent addition and is obviously not a part of the standard integer data types (and, therefore, the standard language), that not only have no signedness, and only have Int32 and Int64, but have "one bit is reserved for OCaml's runtime operation".
The stdint package also depends on Jane Street's "Dune", which they call a "Fast, portable, and opinionated build system". I don't need or want or need any of its capabilities.
As well, the issues page for stdint has a ton of more than year old open issues, so, as I understood, OCaml does not, like F#, have all sizes and signedness of ints available in their fundamental language. Such a language is simply not a good fit for system-level programming, where bit-banging is essential. Such low-level int handling is simply not a part of the language, however much it may be able to be bolted on.
I just want to install a programming language, with its base compiler and libraries and preferably with man pages, open some files in vi, compile, correct, and run. That is my requirement for a "systems-level" language.
I would never in my life consider OCaml with opam and Dune for building systems-level software. I wish it could, but it's not copacetic for the task, whose sole purpose is to produce clean, simple, understandable binaries.
Thanks for helping me understand the situation.
> which has a pub date from Oct 19, 2022
I think you're misinterpreting this. That's just the date the most recent version of the library was published. The library is something like 15 years old.
> the standard integer data types (and, therefore, the standard language), that not only have no signedness
I'm not sure what you mean by this - they're signed integers. Maybe you just mean that there aren't unsigned ints in the stdlib?
> and only have Int32 and Int64, but have "one bit is reserved for OCaml's runtime operation".
The "one bit is reserved" is only true for the `int` type (which varies in size depending on the runtime between 31 and 63 bits). Int32 and Int64 really are normal 32- and 64-bit ints. The trade-off is that they're boxed (although IIRC there is work being done to unbox them) so you pay some extra indirection to use them.
> The stdint package also depends on Jane Street's "Dune", which they call a "Fast, portable, and opinionated build system". I don't need or want or need any of its capabilities.
Most packages are moving this way. Building OCaml without a proper build system is a massive pain and completely inscrutable to most people; Dune is a clear step forward. You're free to write custom makefiles all the time for your own code, but most people avoid that.
> The library is something like 15 years old.
It's not clear from the docs, but, yeah, I suspected that might be the case. Thanks.
> I'm not sure what you mean by this - they're signed integers. Maybe you just mean that there aren't unsigned ints in the stdlib?
Yes, that's what I mean. And doesn't that mean that it's fully unsuitable for systems programming, as this entire topic is focused on?
> The "one bit is reserved" is only true for the `int` type (which varies in size depending on the runtime between 31 and 63 bits).
I don't get it. What is it reserved for then, if the int size is determined when the runtime is built? How can that possibly affect the runtime use of ints? Or is any build of an OCaml program able to target (at compile-time) either 32- or 64-bit targets, or does it mean that an OCaml program build result is always a single format that will adapt at runtime to being in either environment?
Once again, I don't see how any of this is suitable for systems programming. Knowing one's runtime details is intrinsic at design-time for dealing with systems-level semantics, by my understanding.
> Building OCaml without a proper build system
But I don't want to build the programming language, I want to use it. Sure, I can recompile gcc if I need to, but that shouldn't be a part of my dev process for building software that uses gcc, IMO.
It looks to me like JaneStreet has taken over OCaml and added a ton of apparatus to facilitate their various uses of it. Of course, I admit that I am very specific and focused on small, tightly-defined software, so multi-target, 3rd-party utilizing software systems are not of interest to me.
It looks to me like OCaml's intrinsic install is designed to facilitate far more advanced features than I care to use, and that looks like those features make it a very ill-suited choice for a systems programming language, where concise, straightforward semantics will win the day for long-term success.
Once again, it looks like we're all basically forced to fall back to C for systems code, even if our bright-eyed bushy tails can dream of nicer ways of getting the job done.
Thanks for your patient and excellent help on this topic.
> I don't get it. What is it reserved for then, if the int size is determined when the runtime is built? How can that possibly affect the runtime use of ints?
Types are fully erased after compilation of an OCaml program. However, the GC still needs to know things about the data it is looking at - for example, whether a given value is a pointer (and thus needs to be followed when resolving liveness questions) or is plain data. Values of type `int` can be stored right alongside pointers because they're distinguishable - the lowest bit is always 0 for pointers (this is free by way of memory alignment) and 1 for ints (this is the 1 bit ints give up - much usage of ints involves some shifting to keep this property without getting the wrong values).
Other types of data (such as Int64s, strings, etc) can only be handled (at least at function boundaries) by way of a pointer, regardless of whether they fit in, say, a register. Then the whole block that the pointer points to is tagged as being all data, so the GC knows there are no pointers to look for in it.
> Or is any build of an OCaml program able to target (at compile-time) either 32- or 64-bit targets, or does it mean that an OCaml program build result is always a single format that will adapt at runtime to being in either environment?
To be clear, you have to choose at build time what you're targeting, and the integer sized is part of that target specification (most processor architectures these days are 64-bit, for example, but compilation to javascript treats javascript as a 32-bit platform, and of course there's still support for various 32-bit architectures).
> Knowing one's runtime details is intrinsic at design-time for dealing with systems-level semantics, by my understanding.
Doesn't this mean that C can't be used for systems programming? You don't know the size of `int` there, either.
> But I don't want to build the programming language, I want to use it.
I meant building OCaml code, not the compiler.
2 replies →
As I commented above, Int32 and Int64 are part of the standard library since at least 4.X Ocaml versions (we are now in 5.3). So normally all them are available when you install any distribution of Ocaml. Note that there is also a type named nativeint (which, I think is the kind of int that you were looking for in all your comments and post) and it is part of the standard library, so in summary:
Int type (the one you dislike for systems programming)
Int32 type (part of the standard library, one of those you were looking for)
Int64 type (part of the standard library, one of those you were looking for)
Nativeint (part of the standard library, maybe the one you were looking for)
The library stdint is other option, which can be convenient in some cases but for Int32 and Int64 you don't need it also for Nativeint you don't need it.