Comment by eesmith

Yes, the papers I read trace the idea back to the Ancient Greeks.

That doesn't mean it's all that valid, just like left-brain/right-brain dualism.

Are there actually many different systems, and not just two?

For example, you mention recognizing a square. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_recognition_(cognitive_... says "Neuropsychological evidence affirms that there are four specific stages identified in the process of object recognition".

Is System 1 equivalent to all four stages, or does it include more or less than that?

Is there a similar set of stages for multiplication, and how does one tell if it's System 1 or System 2?

If there is an innate modularity of mind, does the System 1/System 2 lets us assign which modules are which?

In Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development there is "a series of four qualitatively distinct stages (the sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational stages)." (Quoting https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-general_learning )

Which of those are System 1 or System 2, or is that a completely different view of how the mind works? If the latter, which makes stronger predictive claims and what is the result of comparative testing?

That same page describes John B. Carroll's three stratum theory, and others.

That there are so many different self-evident metaphors for human cognition is exactly the reason it needs validation.