There's no competition that's running on copper -- even competitors without latency sensitivity with still be running over fibre because that's just the baseline infrastructure in datacentres, transatlantic etc.
Of course, yes, the HFT firms will be using also the standard tricks of microwave towers, shortwave radio, weather balloon etc, to beat the fibre route.
It’s still speed of light in a medium, which is not speed of light. Electricity over copper it is 2/3 iirc.
speed of packets over copper I think is actually faster than fibre
It seems to depend on the cable type: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_factor#Typical_veloci...
HFT firms have entire infrastructure that runs very close to the speed of light, beating the competition that runs on antiquated copper.
There's no competition that's running on copper -- even competitors without latency sensitivity with still be running over fibre because that's just the baseline infrastructure in datacentres, transatlantic etc.
Of course, yes, the HFT firms will be using also the standard tricks of microwave towers, shortwave radio, weather balloon etc, to beat the fibre route.
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~200,000km/s is the speed of light in fiber optics. Electromagnetic propagation in copper is more like 99% c.
The insulating material significantly decreases the propagation speed: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_factor#Typical_veloci...