Comment by jeroenhd

Modern Google Android will use neighbouring WiFi networks to guesstimate your location quickly, so it's scanning even when the toggle says "off" unless you disable it. This location can be queried in the background when nearby devices broadcast the equivalent to Apple's "find my" network broadcasts, because Google uses collected reports of beacons+location to roughly locate tags and such. Opting out of all of that stuff should massively improve standby battery time.

I've also noticed the difference between vendor+custom ROM with a Xiaomi device, which I use as a second phone around the house for controlling smart lights and such. The biggest difference there seems to be that I don't have as many apps installed and as many features enabled, because during active use and shortly after, the battery drains just as fast as (actually a bit faster than) when using the original ROM.

Many custom ROMs (at least the LineageOS-based ones) also don't do thing like configure the country code for the WiFi chip and GPS caches. A large part of the 5GHz spectrum simply doesn't exist (by default) on my custom ROM devices so there's just less to scan in the background.