Comment by aurareturn

Side note, there’s been a few recent publications showing that dark energy may not be needed to explain what we are seeing.

1. Inhomogeneity backreaction (Moffat 2025) Large-scale cosmic inhomogeneities such as voids and dense regions can create an effective expansion history that mimics evolving dark energy when averaged using standard homogeneous assumptions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.20912

2. Timescape cosmology (Wiltshire) Because cosmic voids expand faster than dense regions and dominate volume at late times, observers may infer acceleration from redshift data even if the universe is not globally accelerating. https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/dark-energy/...

3. Local giant void hypothesis If the Milky Way resides inside a large underdense region, locally measured redshifts and distances can bias expansion measurements and partially explain apparent acceleration and Hubble tension. https://www.livescience.com/space/cosmology/echoes-from-the-...

4. Void universe models (LTB cosmologies) Placing the observer near the center of a large cosmic void can reproduce supernova redshift–distance relations without dark energy, though such models struggle with other cosmological constraints. https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.1443

5. Structure formation and virialisation effects The growth of cosmic structure and entropy production alters averaged expansion rates, potentially generating an apparent dark-energy-like signal without introducing a new energy component. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/09/aa50818-...

6. Redshift drift as a discriminator Measuring how cosmological redshifts change over time can distinguish true cosmic acceleration from redshift effects caused by voids or inhomogeneous expansion. https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.0091