Comment by itishappy

> In reality, this system is largely sustained by the ruthless squeezing of subcontractors (for the record, I am Korean, but I actually like Japan), which is a massive social issue there. It’s very difficult for me to understand how anyone could view this structural dynamic as collaborative or horizontal.

This is the picture painted for me by the article. Vertical integration eliminates subcontractors. Horizontal integration squeezes them.

> If the author had concluded that their success in these niches stems from being an extremely vertical society where defying your superiors is simply not an option, I would have fully agreed. That aligns exactly with what I have experienced firsthand.

Same story here. When switching jobs is made difficult, the incentive is not to make waves.

> Does your definition of a 'horizotal culture' actually mean forcing people to work overtime just to hit deadlines?

Yes, provided your boss is working with you.