Comment by pfdietz
5 hours ago
Unless a suborbital trip is nearly at orbital velocity, it will involve a high, arcing trajectory. This will make the deceleration at the end unacceptably (lethally) high for all but short arcs. Some of the Mercury suborbital missions involved deceleration of 15 gees, if I recall correctly.
That was only an issue because they were fired pretty much straight up; They only went 500km down range.
You can also reduce peek deceleration forces by using aerodynamic lift to stretch out the reentry over a longer period.
No, it's an issue for most arcing trajectories. Lift doesn't help much if you're coming in at a steep angle. Reentry from orbit only works well because the entry is almost flat; there even a little lift helps a lot.
If the capsule/rocketplane has some lift & preferably steerable aerosurfaces then you can compensate the purely ballistic deceleration somewhat.
But yeah, if it is going down almost vertically then this will not be enough.
And all but rather short ballistic trajectories (well below orbital speed) will come in at a steep angle.
Unless one has seriously variable aerodynamics, the vehicle will have to swerve to nearly horizontal over a distance of about 1 scale height of the atmosphere, which is about 10 km. The exponentially thinning atmosphere goes from "too thin to matter" to "brick wall" over a short distance.