Comment by kikdij

I don't think reproducibility is relevant, here. Otherwise, even your compiler example doesn't stand. No, machine code is not always the same after compiling high-level language. First, it depends on compiler. Clang and GCC won't produce the same output. Then it depends on the version of your compiler. GCC-9 and GCC-11 won't produce the same output. It obviously depends on the architecture too (arm vs x86), but even then, it depends on details about current configuration of the system you're building it on (CPU flags, hardening, etc). And then of course, there may be things randomized on purpose at each build, like randomized memory addresses to make the binary less exploitable.