Comment by rst

C language environments that worked like this have been commercially available in the past: Saber-C in the '90s, and perhaps earlier, was one example.

One problem is that the obvious implementation technique is to change the representation of pointers (to include base and bounds information, or a pointer to that), which means that you need to redo a lot of the library as well. (Or convert representations when entering into a stock library routine, and accept that whatever it does with the pointer won't get bounds-checked.)

But it's certainly doable.