Comment by threatripper

You have several bottlenecks in the chain. The phones won't draw more than what their internal power distribution system was laid out for. If it requires a battery internally to run stable you can't just fix that by theoretically supplying more at another point. Batteries are very convenient because they can act as a buffer that is able to supply a high peak current. Modern CPUs and GPUs need a high peak current if you don't take countermeasures. Supplying that peak current from an external power supply would be quite expensive.

To rephrase your question:

Could we build a new phone that runs off a 80..120 W charger without battery? Absolutely yes.

Will it help older phones that were not designed to use such a charger? No, most likely that charger will change nothing.