Ask HN: How are you handling Section 174 changes for bootstrapped companies?
3 years ago
Hey everyone,
Was just starting the tax process for 2022 and found out about the changes that have been made to Section 174 that take effect this year. Essentially, all R&E expenses must now be amortized over 5 years (instead of taking them as a regular full deduction in the year in which they are incurred), and on top of that all "software development" is now an R&E expense. [1][2]
This seems like a disaster for any bootstrapped software company. As an example, if you make $100k in income, and spend $90k making the software, at first glance you've got a successful company bringing in a 10% profit margin. Previously, you would have just paid tax on that $10k in profit. Makes sense.
Under these new rules, the US actually says "that $90k you spent to make the software has to be spread over 5 years, and you can actually only take 10% of it in the first year." Suddenly you've gone from a profit of $10k to a "profit" of $91k for tax purposes. Even at a 30% tax rate (which isn't even close to the top rate in the US), you're staring down a $27k tax bill that you're somehow supposed to pay out of the $10k in actual cash you have left on hand.
To be clear, you will eventually get the taxes you pay back over the next 5 years. But how are bootstrapped companies without access to large capital reserves or investment supposed to come up with the money to pay these tax bills while they wait it out? For every dollar you spend on making software, you've now got to have 30+ cents in reserve just to pay the tax bill for the year!
I am completely flabbergasted as to how this was thought to be a good idea...it seems like it drastically increases the cost of starting a bootstrapped software company in the US, which is just terrible policy in general.
Was just curious -- is this interpretation what others are hearing from their own tax professionals? Is it affecting others and if so how are you dealing with it?
[1] https://rsmus.com/insights/services/business-tax/looming-required-capitalization-of-section-174-expenditures.html
[2] https://www.taxnotes.com/research/federal/usc26/174
I am not a tax expert but my understanding is that a business would claim expenditure as R&D because of the beneficial tax treatment: it's a choice you make to categorise expenditure as R&D, you're under no obligation to do so. If the tax treatment of R&D spend has changed to be less favourable in your circumstance (i.e: you can't afford the short term cost of amortisation) then you would not claim the spend to be R&D related. After all, a small technology company working on their revenue-generating product is not doing anything experimental: it's only experimental if you massage it as such.
I could be far off the mark -- so please correct me if I am wrong -- but your framing suggests that if a business spends money on software development then they must amortise the cost which does not seem to be correct.
This is how it worked in previous years. Previously, you could elect to take the R&E expenses either entirely in a single year or amortized over the longer period. This year the change is:
1) You can no longer take it all in the single year, and 2) All software development is now R&E automatically, no exceptions.
Note that this is separate from the R&E tax credit that you can also claim, that's a different deal in addition to this.
Reply from our CPA:
“There's pretty widespread bipartisan distaste for that change and there have been multiple attempts to extend the deadline or amend the change, but they haven't picked up steam yet. Still possible it will be changed retroactively. The saving grace is that a lot of the expenses they are talking about you needing to amortize would qualify for the R&D credits you'll be getting. So there's often a substantial offset between the two.”
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I’m an attorney who works with companies doing software dev everyday, and this is not only a really bad tax policy, but will be detrimental to US innovation. There are a few things you can do, as many others pointed out, like claiming the R&D credit (section 41), extending your tax return, and making sure you have sources of financing if you a owe a big tax bill.
My team also wrote an article on this subject a few weeks back with takeaways and graphs to show the potential math: https://capstantax.com/rev-proc-2023-11/
If anyone wants to reach out to me, feel free to do so as my contact info is at the bottom of the above article.
> it's a choice you make to categorise expenditure as R&D, you're under no obligation to do so
Link provided by author says there is no choice:
(3) Software development. For purposes of this section, any amount paid or incurred in connection with the development of any software shall be treated as a research or experimental expenditure.
My understanding is that only applies if you're claiming that your expenditure is R&D, that is, it's saying that all software development costs are permitted as part of R&D not that if you spend money on software development you must declare it to be R&D.
There are other requirements to meet for expenditure to qualify as R&D, like experimentation and consideration of alternatives: if all software development is R&D and R&D must have alternatives considered and justified, are companies even permitted to engage in software development if suitable alternatives exist?
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I think the key words there are "For purposes of this section", which means if you're choosing to designate it as R&E for the purpose of taking the deduction, you can do that with all software related expenses. The core premise of this post seems nonsensical, you're not going to be taxed on revenue as though it was profit.
Not in any way qualified to provide tax advice, don't take the above as anything but idle chat.
Key verbiage here is "for purposes of this section". Section 174 can define software development expenses however it wants--that doesn't make amortization required.
> (a)(2)(B) be allowed an amortization deduction of such expenditures ratably over the 5-year period
I’m not familiar with this tax law, why would the “be allowed” verbiage here not mean it’s an election the taxpayer could choose to apply to their situation rather than a mandate as the OP is presenting it?
i.e. software development is always an R&E expenditure but you are only “allowed” (not “required”) to amortize it.
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So how would someone categorize those expenses differently?
On a launched product, cost of sales. On an unlaunched product, cost of inventory, etc.
One of the key questions that defines "R&D" is technical risk: are you answering a question of "Can it be done?" or "How can we do it?" If you know how and you are just slapping it together, it's an opex.
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It’s an absolutely fucked situation. In what world is revenue taxed *before* expenses. It’s a nuclear bomb for US innovation. Meanwhile China offers a 2x credit and the EU is almost as generous.
Our accountants have been apologizing for a month now about the lack of heads up because they were confident congress would extend it like they always have. Nope.
> In what world is revenue taxed before expenses.
All of them, for capital expenditures.
If I buy a widget-maker for $100,000 and use it to make a profit of $50k/yr on widget sales (net of staff and materials), then I don't have a $50k loss in my first year and $50k in profits thereafter.
Instead, the cost of the machinery must be amortized (depreciated) over several years, with a five-year period being typical but not universal. In the latter case, even though I had a $100k cash outlay for the machinery, I'd still record a tax-time profit of $30k for the year ($50k operational net revenue less $100k/5 years).
Is software an operational or a capital expense? There are arguments for each approach, and reasonable governments might decide the issue differently.
I think the main difference is:
1) You can't just go get a loan for "a software" like you can "a widget maker." Most businesses with these large capital assets get loans on them and then it works out nicely as you pay back the loan on the asset while you depreciate it.
2) This would be like the law saying "anything you do in the business of making widgets at all is now a capital outlay" which is obviously ridiculous. It's not that they said "if you buy expensive tools to make software now you have to capitalize them", it's written that any expense at all in service to software development is something now capitalized.
Not that you agree with what's been done and I appreciate your example, but I think it does give a good contrast to see the differences.
Man, this sounds pretty apocalyptic to me, but maybe I'm misunderstanding it entirely
Let's say someone bootstraps a company under the current laws. They deposit $200k into a corporate bank account. In 2023 they pay themselves $50k and make no revenue. In 2024 they pull in $60k in revenue and pay themselves $50k again. For tax purposes, they'd have $60k - ($10k from year 1) - ($10k from year 2) = $40k in profit to pay corporate taxes on?
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Revenue taxed before expenses? That’s not what is happening or a good way of explaining it . It’s a temporary timing difference for recognizing expenses and deducting them on the tax return.
That’s not how it works. OP is misinformed.
There are a ton of people here telling you their accountants telling you otherwise, mine included.
I think it would be much more helpful if you tried avoiding stating this as objective truth, and state more like your non-accountant opinion is that's how it works.
It essentially is, sorry. Having to amortize your R&D credits across five years is deadly to cash flow. The only EU country with a law like this is Belgium.
That also is an issue. US tax law is so damn complicated people spend time on understanding taxes instead of science.
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You said elsewhere that you're not an accountant. What are your qualifications?
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> It’s an absolutely fucked situation. In what world is revenue taxed before expenses.
Ever heard of sales tax?
sales taxes are on the buyer, not the seller.
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Everyone commenting in this thread that R&D can be written off is working with outdated information and is not up to date with the current state of play.
I had the exact same conversation with my CPA last month. They told me the same things that you were told by your CPA: R&D expenses, including software development, must always be amortized over 5 years starting in FY22. The R&D tax credit has nothing to do with it. There is no option to deduct these expenses. Amortization also now applies to failed or abandoned R&D projects, which is a major change that seems likely to be devastating to innovation.
In my opinion this rule is a disaster. Call your congressperson and your senators: https://www.congress.gov/members/find-your-member
The point being made by myself and others in this thread doesn’t contradict yours: all software development is not R&D, R&D is a specific activity related to speculative work. A bunch of people churning out code to support a revenue generating product are not engaged in R&D. Historically, it has been beneficial to classify as much as possible as R&D because of credits. The point of contention is not whether R&D must be amortized, it’s whether or not R&D classification is a choice.
Some in this thread have argued that the rule change means that all software development is now R&D which would be a radical change and would have the impact that the OP describes.
I’m still not convinced by the argument that all software development is now R&D: it just doesn’t seem plausible, what on earth would be the reasoning behind that? Yes, this bill is garbage and it may have unintended consequences, but to suggest they’ve accidentally made all software development be R&D seems inconceivable — even before considering the amortisation consequence.
I think that is broadly right in theory, yes, though the IRS isn’t saying that currently. They haven’t provided any guidance at all last I heard, in spite of being asked for it by industry groups many months ago.
Setting aside the apparently absurd state of things as they stand today, I agree in principle that coding that doesn’t result in a new asset shouldn’t be treated as R&D and thus should be deductible even under this regime. However, the issue that we’ve been grappling with is that even if we end up there, it’s still not totally clear where the line is with regards to software, as software is markedly different from other asset classes (e.g. machinery or equipment). Code written to support an existing revenue generating piece of software may still be R&D. For example, is adding a new feature to software R&D that creates a new asset (the new feature and new software version), or is it maintenance of an existing asset (the existing software)? It’s a mess. Under the previous regime this wasn’t an issue; you had an option to treat software development either way, so no one was worried about these nuances because it was a choice, meaning there was no way to get it wrong. Not so anymore, and the IRS is not helping to understand it right now based on what I’ve been told.
Then add in the administrative burden presented by this change: Software devs are likely to get very familiar with 0.1 time tracking that lawyers and other professionals suffer with if this change sticks, so that businesses can figure out what is deductible and what must be amortized.
Another issue is that if you dispose of or retire the asset there doesn’t seem to be any provision to accelerate or write off the depreciation immediately. This starts to look like a particularly pernicious challenge in the case of startups, for whom cash flow is an issue and who may very well fail before the 5 year amortization period is up. It’s also a major potential issue in the case of re-writes.
The apparent inability to write off failed R&D is also a devastating change in my opinion, and its impacts extend well beyond software. It greatly increases the risk of R&D at a time when we need it most to confront challenges like climate change, to remain competitive with China, to capitalize on opportunities in AI, and so forth.
So while I agree with you in principle, even if that’s where we end up - and it makes sense that it’s a reasonable outcome if deductibility is not restored - it’s still a real mess compared to where we were previously, and will have the effect of stifling innovation and economic growth.
EDIT: Cleaned up a bit. A lot of folks do contradict my point: They’re saying that you can still deduct software development R&D citing old info, or that you can deduct it if you don’t take the credit. That’s just wrong.
I did contact my Congressional Representative but I would love to know what interest groups are working on this actively that I can support further.
Thank you for sharing your own experience with your CPA as well.
> I would love to know what interest groups are working on this actively that I can support further
Same. If you learn of any please drop a comment, and I will do the same!
Great info and comment. Thanks!
>I am completely flabbergasted as to how this was thought to be a good idea...it seems like it drastically increases the cost of starting a bootstrapped software company in the US, which is just terrible policy in general.
Oh it's a terrible policy for you. Yes, for you, the person who may want to actually create something which threatens the people who own large businesses, this is quite terrible. But for the people with lobbyists who want to make sure competition is made almost impossible to happen, it's just amazing.
Yes, it's a big issue. It's fascinating how little it's talked about. I think this requires that we organize grassroots visibility into this. Also, wouldn't YC have some mechanisms to organize? I mean, I think this impacts every tech business other than unicorns.
I have also been surprised since I found out at the lack of discussion. Based on this post, it seems like many people didn't know. I assume a lot more are going to find out as we get closer to actually filing taxes.
What I've heard is that there's already strong support for changing this but it's just a matter of Congress actually being functional, which political affiliation aside, it's not right now.
This is also the first I've seen this discussed in a tech setting.
I'm glad it made it to the HN front page, but I'd like the desired change to make it into a bill to be passed by Congress before we all pay our 2022 taxes on April 15.
What groups out there are fighting this?
I have a tax pro for this very reason, but my understanding is that you have a choice on how you want the tax treatment -- you can deduct it now as a business expense or over five years as R&D, which gives you a better tax deduction in the long run but fewer up front benefits. But at the end of the day I pay the tax guy to worry about it for me.
Did you talk to them about this specific change recently? Because how you're describing it is how it used to work, just not starting this year.
Also thanks for Reddit ;)
I admittedly have not talked about this with them. I assume he would tell me if it ends up making a difference, but maybe he'll just surprise me in April!
You don't have a choice anymore. It's required to be amortized as of FY22. I had the same conversation with my CPA in January.
To make matters worse, failed or abandoned R&D projects can also no longer be written off, and must also be amortized even though they resulted in no new products or innovations. All of these changes greatly increase the risk of new R&D projects. It's an absolute disaster for innovation in a time when the US is ostensibly entering into a great-powers competition with China.
According to Journal Of Accountancy[0] this seems to only apply to software expenses that are also treated as R&D expenses. So if you expense the costs and don't claim R&D credit you lose the credit but would also not have the cash flow issue being described. It's still a net negative but at least less negative for current year cash flow.
[0] https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2022/nov/amortiz...
I don't really see anywhere in that article where it says that you can have software development expenses that aren't R&E expenses under the new definition. Am I missing it or?
In fact it says:
> The TCJA added a special rule under Sec. 174(c)(3) for the treatment for software development costs, stating that “any amount paid or incurred in connection with the development of any software shall be treated as a research or experimental expenditure.” Prior to this addition, taxpayers relied on Rev. Proc. 2000-50, which stated that the costs of developing computer software so closely resemble Sec. 174 R&E expenditures that a similar accounting treatment should be used. When this revenue procedure was issued, R&E expenditures were currently deducted. Under the TCJA, software development costs are treated as R&E expenses but are now subject to five- or 15-year amortization.
...which is what I am saying in my example -- software dev costs are now forced to be 5-year amortized.
You could be right. I was relying on some the other less formal language like:
> companies engaged in research and development (R&D) activities should be implementing this significant change
I think it might require backing up into tax code Sec 174 "Amortization of research and experimental expenditures"[0] itself though. There it says:
> (3)Software development - For purposes of this section, any amount paid or incurred in connection with the development of any software shall be treated as a research or experimental expenditure.
Keying in on "For purposes of this section" I think we'd need to figure out is software development expense always required to be treated under this section, or is this just talking about software development expenses that are made in connection with R&D expenses which are under this section. It's hard to imagine all and any software development expenses are R&D. E.g. if you're running a software service company and have 10 engineers building something for a client, maybe it's R&D for the client but it's in not at all R&D for the service provider....right? I am not a lawyer or tax accountant so I may be way off base here.
[0]https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/174
> ...and spend $90k making the software
Well, did you spend the $90k on W2 salaried employees, or to a vendor?
> Essentially, all R&E expenses...
The R&D tax credit was too good to be true anyway.
The crazy loopholes are crazy. What were people expecting?
Congress was not going to let people outsource "R&D", which in the bulk of cases is large companies like Accenture and small companies like bullshit agencies doing straight-up software customization that had little to do with real research or development.
Insofar as it affects startups, the amended law seems to exist explicitly to rein in the pro-forma declarations / reports template-generated by non-specialists.
Every tax or HR related firm in existence has been hawking this bullshit to tech companies for a while. Truly a bunch of parasites.
Congress needs to repeal the R&D tax credit as it exists today and allow people to ordinarily expense whatever it is that they are doing.
If it feels there is a good reason to make the money-to-US-salaries tax-reduced, it should make a simple blanket declaration checkbox for a narrow set of qualifications that would obviate the need of "R&D tax credit specialists."
This is not the same as the tax credit. That is a different deal. Even if you do not claim the credit at all, you still have to do this amortization.
> Well, did you spend the $90k on W2 salaried employees, or to a vendor?
It wouldn't matter, if the expense is related to the business of developing software, it counts now.
As a solo developer, I guess I’m going to start tracking how fast I type and the size of my code commits each day, and that, my dear IRS friend, is the only part of my day I spent “developing software.”
The reality is that even if you hire a “software developer,” they aren’t going to spend 100% on it. So now you have a situation where the IRS is supposed to audit how? Watch how much support you did? How much training and coaching other developers? How much email/scheduling/admin bs? Was that meeting about software development or customer research? The fools who write these laws are just ridiculously out of touch.
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There are obviously stupid loopholes in tax law that serve no wider benefit, but that's not the case here. This was very intentional and not crazy at all.
The whole reason this tax credit exists is to promote more R&D. If you are doing heavy R&D you can pay less income taxes. It's an incentive for companies to not hoard cash but to put it into creating new business and opportunities and stay competitive. They still have to pay payroll tax, which is a substantial portion of the tax companies pay to the federal government anyways. But even that too is an incentive for companies to run more efficiently: the fewer people you have on payroll and the more R&D you do, the more your company is an innovation machine - that ends up being good for the economy.
There are obviously lots of cases where American companies use loop holes to not pay taxes (especially on international income). That's a separate debate. But if you see a big company (like Amazon) not paying income taxes, it could mean they heavily invest in R&D. That's why when I hear politicians whining about this, I know they are not always doing so in good faith.
You appear to be conflating R&E expenses (Section 174) with the R&D credit (Section 41). They are related but not the same thing, and the original question was about the former not the latter.
Wow. I had no idea this was happening. Not a peep from my accountant, either.
I have an S-Corp so "profit" would pass through to my personal taxes.
I've found over the years that most people writing and administering tax and business regulations at the local, state, and federal level have little clue about the needs of small businesses, whether it's a software startup or a local pizza place.
My expensive accountants didn’t bother mentioning the Section 174 changes because like every year since the 50’s that law has been delayed or overridden through other legislation.
Manchin killed the bill last year that would have extended the protection from 174…
One politician cannot be held responsible for a bill not passing that requires the votes of many others.
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Not sure if this is widely known but none of those people read anything in the bills unless an important person tells them to care about a specific clause.
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Correct, my company is a partnership LLC and these "phantom profits" are going to flow through to me personally to owe taxes on.
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I am not a tax expert at all, but I pay some tax experts a lot of money, because I do a lot of bootstrapped R&D and the tax laws around it are nuts. My accountant has suggested that I am totally fine, but my lawyer told me he wanted to do more research (not that this was an outright bad rule), but didn't think I would be stuck on this. I declined on the research (legal research is very expensive). My lawyer is very conservative, and my accountant is very liberal on this sort of thing, so that's the range of opinions I'm looking at.
In general, I'm not so sure this is particularly apocalyptic unless you are bootstrapping with high expenses, and you are doing hard tech without a launched product. If you have a launched product, software development can be an operating expense. If you don't, it's harder to justify. If what you are doing has low technical risk, you can also put the number in a different spot on your income/loss statement and operationalize it. If what you are doing has low expenses, it probably doesn't matter much either way because it's not worth anyone's time to figure out if you can actually claim the credit.
If you are bootstrapping a hard tech product and have not launched anything yet, I hope you can afford the amoritzation, because you might not be able to afford your technical risk either.
As a general reminder as long as you have a reasonable interpretation of the tax code; even if it is NOT the IRS's (and the judge eventually rules for the IRS), you will likely be clear of penalties.
If you try to avoid ever getting entangled with the IRS you will way overpay.
E.g,: https://johntreed.com/products/aggressive-tax-avoidance-for-...
Would you recommend that book or any others on real estate / real estate taxes? I'm thinking about getting into the market soon.
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So you're saying that the advice you got was that if it's a launched product, you can treat software development as an operating expense and just ignore the fact that 174 says software development is an R&E expense?
I mean that sounds great to me...I just also feel like it's probably a very "liberal" interpretation indeed.
The part I'm getting hung up on is essentially, previously R&E expenses (as you note) were a lot more fungible, it depended on a number of factors including how risky the endeavor was. Things that you just do day-to-day in the service of keeping your company afloat (which for a launched SaaS for example would include fixing bugs or even developing basic features) were likely not R&E. Maybe if you embarked on a journey to develop a totally new product, it would have been.
It seems like the most basic reading of this is pretty straightforward: they've taken that decision making away and said "if it's software dev, it's R&E." Not "if it's software dev for a new feature, but hey existing bug fixes and maintenance don't count," just, "software is R&E now always."
Obviously everyone has their own risk tolerance for how they interpret things and what definition they use.
The key is that as long as your interpretation is reasonable, you won't be penalized, and as long as the numbers are fine, you probably won't even be audited. If you have a good representative, you may even be able to convince an auditor that your interpretation is correct.
And yes, I would say that software that isn't continually developed rots, so if you have a launched product, you aren't really working out your technical risks, you're keeping your revenue stream alive. That sounds like a cost of goods sold to me.
Previously, all of our accountants wanted our work to be R&D, which is why we include things like "all software development" in R&D. Now, we may not want it. There are a lot of other places you can put it.
EDIT: CRUD apps have always been on the line between R&D and not R&D, so let's just put our toes on the other side for 2022 and beyond. In comparison, biotech and hard tech endeavors are screwed because that's not even arguable.
This sounds right to me, if the government started coming after software companies and penalizing them for this they will have an absolute storm on their hands
Gosh, doesn't this just reek of a move to entrench established big business by erecting regulatory hurdles, designed primarily to prevent anyone from following their path to success.
That may not be a charitable take, but the politicians and corporations no longer deserve an ounce of beneficial doubt when it comes to the games they play.
> But how are bootstrapped companies without access to large capital reserves or investment supposed to come up with the money to pay these tax bills while they wait it out?
You can go to the bank and take out a loan. It's called a "factor loan", and tax receivables are solid collateral.
That may be one option, but now I'm paying interest to give the government an interest-free loan in an inflationary environment. Great.
Oh, it's worse. You also have to have your books in good enough shape for the bank, and submit them regularly. It's like doing taxes twice. Having your books in good shape is a good idea for many other reasons, but it's one more thing.
Better than bankruptcy, though, and it's often better than accepting VC terms.
It also says in Sec. 1.174-3 Treatment as expenses:
> Research or experimental expenditures paid or incurred by a taxpayer during the taxable year in connection with his trade or business are deductible as expenses, and are not chargeable to capital account, if the taxpayer adopts the method provided in section 174(a)
Seems like there could be room to challenge "all software dev is R&D"
Sounds like you paid $9k for software development and $81k for other computer services.
The answer is you spend part of the 10% profit on a CPA or tax lawyer. The legal deductions, they are so many. I've run a bootstrapped software business for 14 years and I never even heard of this one until your post.
see https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34628269, this caught everybody by surprised because they assumed Congress would fix their mistake before tax season but it's new this year and it's seemingly pretty devastating. see some replies from actual CPAs in the thread.
Is there a list of these deductions somewhere for those who can’t afford a cpa or tax lawyer
The IRS documentation is pretty clear, and there's a lot of free material online that goes into detail. I'd recommend just starting with the IRS docs for 1040 Schedule C.
How do you deduct payroll / dev costs?
Me personally? The same way any small business does; I forget the exact line number but the upshot is you tell the IRS who you paid and subtract that amount from gross revenue.
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There's an R&D tax credit. See [1]. I would aggressively pursue this option. Much better than a deduction anyway.
1: https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2023/01/rd-co...
Specifically, that law firm says...
> Startups unable to utilize the credit under Section 41 should consider whether an amortizable expense under Section 174 or an immediate deduction under Section 162 is more appropriate.
So, their interpretation seems to be that you have three options.
Right. And 'unable to utilize' I think just is about the credit being non-refundable. EG, if are otherwise already showing a loss, then you don't want to use the credit. If you have reportable income, then the R&D credit might be beneficial.
Though, I'm not sure you can split the credit or carry any forward, etc. Every tax situation is different.
Under the previous law it was not a mutually exclusive choice, you could deduct the R&E expense under Section 174 and also claim the R&D credit under Section 41.
Under the current law you can no longer do both, if you want to take the R&D credit you have to instead amortize the R&E expense under Section 174.
Or from the other comments in this thread it sounds like you can maybe skip the R&D credit and then continue to deduct the R&E expense under Section 162. But it's not clear (to me anyway) whether Section 174 supercedes Section 162 in the case of software development costs, in which case you might no longer be allowed to apply Section 162.
I was reading elsewhere that it doesn't supersede, rather S 162 can't be used by 'startups.' Startup meaning the business hasn't actually started selling anything. So if you're generating sales related to the software, then S 162 applies.
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I had no idea this is how it worked. The previous system sounds too good to be true as a Canadian.
I have been reading the comments, I cannot help.
But it is a powerful argument for simple tax codes.
I like the idea of tax. I'm happy to pay my share. I am in unhappy about all the leeching lawyers
I expect in your country as in mine, rules are made by lawyers and mainly benefit them
I am in the same position - my accountant got an opinion from a CPA who said that software development costs _must_ now be capitalized. My company sells support and maintenance contracts for some open-source software, and so the 'software development' entails updating the software to work on newer operating systems and platforms etc. Contractor programmers are paid to do this software maintenance work.
At issue seems to be the interpretation of the change introduced in Section 174(3) saying:
"(3) Software development For purposes of this section, any amount paid or incurred in connection with the development of any software shall be treated as a research or experimental expenditure."
Does this mean that payments to programmers to fulfill the software maintenance contract _must_ be considered R&E expenditure (and can thus not be deducted as Section 162 "Trade or business expenses" and _must_ be capitalized in terms of the amendments to Section 174).
If this is the correct interpretation of the amended law, I would expect large companies like Apple and Alphabet to be subject to this problem as well - surely it would be material if one of their main costs (being software developer salaries) cannot be expensed from this year. Yet I have seen no comments around this from that side, either explaining suddenly higher earnings or higher taxes due.
If that is not the correct interpretation of Section 174(3), and some programming related costs are not to be considered R&E expenditure, how do I explain the reasoning to my accountant?
Granted I may be reading this wrong (dog knows I’m confused over the US tax code at the best of times), but I got the impression from reading this link (https://www.plantemoran.com/explore-our-thinking/insight/202...) that the 5 year rule wasn’t yet in place.
What that article is saying is that there was hope that they would act and do something so these rules didn't take effect. Congress did not act and so these rules are now in effect.
These rules were established as part of the 2017 tax bill and take effect this year.
FTA: "The short answer is that the conclusion of the current congressional session with no action on this issue means required capitalization of R&E expenditures remains applicable to the 2022 tax year."
IANAL but maybe marketing took up way more of your time this year
Yes I assume the definition of "software development" is going to be stretched as far as possible by most companies this year.
Does customer support fall under a different category? That takes up a lot of time too.
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What are some examples of R&D expenses that couldn't easily be categorized as regular expenses?
If I run a software business that brings in 100k but spends 90k on developers, then thats money going for salaries or contracting, both of which are fully deductible.
I am not a CPA, but my understanding from extensive discussions with one is: If the salaries contributed towards the development of new software it is an R&D expense. You must amortize them. Those salaries or contractor fees are not deductible. Maintenance of existing software might be treated differently, and may or may not be deductible. But it's very unclear. For example, is adding a new feature to existing software R&D that must be amortized, or is it maintaining an existing asset and thus deductible? No one seems to know, and the IRS hasn't responded to requests for clarification from the CPA associations.
This is new as of the 2022 tax year, thus the considerable confusion.
I'll concede that my knowledge is incomplete.
In my experience the IRS isn't dumb or unreasonable.
The purpose of R&D tax credits is to stimulate R&D spending. It isn't to penalize you for ordinary business expenses.
The following two scenarios should compute the same way:
1) You operate a software services business. 100% of the development you do is for other people. You bring in revenue and pay your team, which is a straight expense. You pay salaries, and you get taxed on net income.
2) You run a software business. You hired engineers to build software. You sell it in some way to bring in revenue. You deduct your expenses, pay taxes on net income.
Now, our government has decided that companies should be rewarded for doing R&D. This means that, if you were able to demonstrate certain expenses as R&D expenses - you get to claim the R&D tax credit for those expenses. Maybe this is how some companies expense certain employee perks (massages, lunches etc..) that don't get accounted as employee compensation.
There seems to be enough confusion on how to claim R&D credits, that many companies don't even bother:
- https://taxfoundation.org/research-and-development-tax/#Eval...
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How does this apply to individual software dev consultants/contractors who operate under an LLC?
(Obligatory "should ask a CPA" but I don't see much mention of this case around anywhere)
Ask your CPA. Not a CPA and this isn't tax advice, but based on what I understand about the change you'll probably not be impacted if you're contracting for clients and not creating the software for yourself. Your clients will be impacted by the amortization issue when it comes to deducting your consulting fees. I asked your question in reverse ("How would this change impact hiring contract developers?") and was told that was probably how it would work. But again, I am not a CPA and this isn't tax advice, so you should really ask a CPA. A CPA might not even be totally sure about how it works yet, as there seems to be a lot of confusion about the rule change.
Your client agreements may also have an impact on the answer (for example, does the client own the IP or do they license it from you?). So you really need to talk to a CPA!
Tax concerns aside, downstream effects may be an issue for you: If my understanding is correct, clients will no longer be able to immediately expense your fees, and will be required to amortize them over five years. I would expect that this will therefore likely result in less demand for software contracting services in the overall economy as businesses become aware of the change and reevaluate their build vs. buy decisions.
Wondering the same thing.
Yuck, it seems like no exceptions, minimums, or safe harbors that I can find. Definitely something to keep in mind and save/price accordingly. Seems like bootstrapped software needs to charge 30-50% more than 2021 and prior, at least for the first 5 years.
Why is everyone so confused? You only pay taxes on profit. Period. That hasn't changed and probably never will.
If you do “R&D” you can elect to receive a credit. This credit which used to come all in one year, now must be amortized over 5.
If you don’t want that to happen or cant afford it, don’t take the credit. It’s that simple. Not all software development is automatically forced to be R&D. That’s absurd.
IANAA just a poor misinformed internet soul and this is not tax advice.
I agree that you are making logical sense.
I think you should review what I linked or talk to a CPA because this this indeed the change this year, and it is indeed nonsensical.
This is not the same thing as the R&D tax credit.
From TFA
> Generally, section 174 expenditures escape the application of being classified as “start-up costs” under section 195, which generally requires expenditures that qualify as an expenditure under section 162 to be capitalized and recovered over 15 years once the taxpayer begins their business.
Startup costs are things paid to start the business. Once the business is up and running you are “carrying-on” even if you’re not making money. It’s unfortunate that we use the word startup colloquially to mean non-profitable company, because thats not what it means in the IRC.
> You only pay taxes on profit.
That's the question isn't it? What is considered your profit depends on what costs you must amortize vs. expense in year one. I'm not super familiar with this legislation but the concern is that it shifts development costs that were previously expensed to now be amortized.
You appear to be conflating R&E expenses (Section 174) with the R&D credit (Section 41).
Everyone knows taking the R&D credit (Section 41) is optional, that's not what is being discussed here.
The actual question is: if you have incurred software development expenses (e.g. wages paid to software developers), are you required to treat them as R&E expenses under Section 174, or can you instead treat them as ordinary expenses under Section 162?
At first I thought OP was talking about the credit. But I have since updated other comments. In short, use of software to support your business is different from “Software R&E”. Use section 162 not 174. It’s only R&E if you’re frolicking around on the keyboard playing with software for fun, which I doubt any serious business is doing outside of occasional true research. Cost to operate your business is OPEX.
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Wow, I missed this, thanks for sharing. I didn't even hear anything from my accountant
This does seem rather...terrible. I am assuming in this case you outsourced the software development and paid someone $90k out of pocket?
Not an accountant so: Wouldn't taking a 90k salary be the same thing? (If you're building something new.)
Yea I just figured a bootstrapper is not going to take a salary in year 1.
But also seems like you could sidestep this by taking your salary as CEO rather than as a software developer or...something?
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In the example I am giving it would be any expense related to "software development." So paying a salary to another person on your team (or 1099 income to a contractor), buying tools to aid in the development, anything at all really.
You're absolutely not required to categorize things like payroll as amortizable R&D.
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Can someone explain in more basic terms what is happening? I'm not the most experienced in this area.
You’re using the term “R&E”. What does the E stand for? I’ve only heard the term R&D.
Research and Experimental. It’s what the tax code calls it.
https://www.taxnotes.com/research/federal/usc26/174
Research and Experimentation
Need you guys in larger, hard tech focused companies for impending strife.
Could you request a multi-year payment plan for the 2022 tax owed balance?
Could this be a factor in tech industry layoffs?
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classic regulatory capture, thanks Trump!
Gotta love democracy, see where all your voting had gotten us?
First I’m even hearing about section 174. I just pinged my managed accounting and tax service.
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Slightly odd to plug them given they didn't seem to be on top of this issue
Let us know what they say!
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