Comment by MarekKnapek
2 years ago
No, Windows has stable API and ABI named Win32 API. This comes from times of 16bit Windows and works also in x64 / ARM / ARM64, previously it worked in Alpha / MIPS / IA64. This API is implemented in kernel.dll user.dll gdi.dll advapi.dll and similar, it does some stuff, but mostly forwards to the NT API. Beware, kernel.dll is user space component despite its name (historical reasons). NT API is undocumented and not meant to be used by user programs, it is not stable, it lives in ntdll.dll, it does syscalls to the kernel: ntoskrnl.exe. Windows doesn't have a libc (for user programs, it has private one for its own programs), Visual Studio has a libc. Each version of Visual Studio (roughly) has its own libc named msvcrt.dll msvrt100.dll msvcrt140.dll and similar, it hosts the C and C++ libc, it could be linked statically for various benefits and drawbacks.
Windows does actually have a universal C runtime library now, but it's pretty recent; only Windows 10+ https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/porting/upgrade-your-c...
A big motivation for it was security posture; it means that Microsoft can now ship security updates to UCRT that everyone can rely on rather than a ton of extra surface area through various multiple versions of runtime libraries.
It had (has) an unsupported, crippled, unversioned msvcrt.dll which if you used it very carefully with a subset of functions, you could write programs which worked fine on Windows NT and up.
FWIW, large swaths of ntdll are documented and supported these days, for performing work that can't be expressed via the win32 API like raw disk manipulation.