Comment by gerdesj
2 days ago
I think you are confusing network layers and their functionality.
"CSMA is no longer necessary on Ethernet today because all modern connections are point-to-point with only two "hosts" per channel."
Ethernet really isn't ptp. You will have a switch at home (perhaps in your router) with more than two ports on it. At layer 1 or 2 how do you mediate your traffic, without CSMA? Take a single switch with n ports on it, where n>2. How do you mediate ethernet traffic without CSMA - its how the actual electrical signals are mediated?
"Ethernet connections have both ends both transmitting and receiving AT THE SAME TIME ON THE SAME WIRES."
That's full duplex as opposed to half duplex.
Nagle's algo has nothing to do with all that messy layer 1/2 stuff but is at the TCP layer and is an attempt to batch small packets into fewer larger ones for a small gain in efficiency. It is one of many optimisations at the TCP layer, such as Jumbo Frames and mini Jumbo Frames and much more.
> You will have a switch at home (perhaps in your router) with more than two ports on it. At layer 1 or 2 how do you mediate your traffic, without CSMA? Take a single switch with n ports on it, where n>2. How do you mediate ethernet traffic without CSMA - its how the actual electrical signals are mediated?
CSMA/CD is specifically for a shared medium (shared collision domain in Ethernet terminology), putting a switch in it makes every port its own collision domain that are (in practice these days) always point-to-point. Especially for gigabit Ethernet, there was some info in the spec allowing for half-duplex operation with hubs but it was basically abandoned.
As others have said, different mechanisms are used to manage trying to send more data than a switch port can handle but not CSMA (because it's not doing any of it using Carrier Sense, and it's technically not Multiple Access on the individual segment, so CSMA isn't the mechanism being used).
> That's full duplex as opposed to half duplex.
No actually they're talking about something more complex, 100Mbps Ethernet had full duplex with separate transmit and receive pairs, but with 1000Base-T (and 10GBase-T etc.) the four pairs all simultaneously transmit and receive 250 Mbps (to add up to 1Gbps in each direction). Not that it's really relevant to the discussion but it is really cool and much more interesting than just being full duplex.
It's P2P as far as the physical layer (L1) is concerned.
Usually, full duplex requires two separate channels. The introduction of a hybrid on each end allows the use of the same channel at the same time.
Some progress has been made in doing the same thing with radio links, but it's harder.
Nagle's algorithm is somewhat intertwined with the backoff timer in the sense that it prevents transmitting a packet until some condition is met. IIRC, setting the TCP_NODELAY flag will also disable the backoff timer, at least this is true in the case of TCP/IP over AX25.
> It's P2P as far as the physical layer (L1) is concerned.
Only in the sense that the L1 "peer" is the switch. As soon as the switch goes to forward the packet, if ports 2 and 3 are both sending to port 1 at 1Gbps and port 1 is a 1Gbps port, 2Gbps won't fit and something's got to give.
Right but the switch has internal buffers and ability to queue those packets or apply backpressure. Resolving at that level is a very different matter from an electrical collision at L1.
1 reply →
Sorry?
Ethernet has had the concept of full duplex for several decades and I have no idea what you mean by: "hybrid on each end allows the use of the same channel at the same time."
The physical electrical connections between a series of ethernet network ports (switch or end point - it doesn't matter) are mediated by CSMA.
No idea why you are mentioning radios. That's another medium.
My understanding is that no one used hubs anymore, so your collision domain goes from a number of machines on a hub to a dedicated channel between the switch and the machine. There obviously won’t be collisions if you’re the only one talking and you’re able to do full duplex communications without issue.
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> Ethernet has had the concept of full duplex for several decades and I have no idea what you mean by: "hybrid on each end allows the use of the same channel at the same time."
Gigabit (and faster) is able to do full duplex without needing separate wires in each direction. That's the distinction they're making.
> The physical electrical connections between a series of ethernet network ports (switch or end point - it doesn't matter) are mediated by CSMA.
Not in a modern network, where there's no such thing as a wired collision.
> Take a single switch with n ports on it, where n>2. How do you mediate ethernet traffic without CSMA - its how the actual electrical signals are mediated?
Switches are not hubs. Switches have a separate receiver for each port, and each receiver is attached to one sender.
A hybrid is a type of RF transformer - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_transformer
CSMA is last used with 10Mbit ethernet, so that’s why radios are only relevant.
In modern ethernet, there is also flow-control via the PAUSE frame. This is not for collisions at the media level, but you might think of it as preventing collisions at the buffer level. It allows the receiver to inform the sender to slow down, rather than just dropping frames when its buffers are full.
At least in networks I've used, it's better for buffers to overflow than to use PAUSE.
Too many switches will get a PAUSE frame from port X and send it to all the ports that send packets destined for port X. Then those ports stop sending all traffic for a while.
About the only useful thing is if you can see PAUSE counters from your switch, you can tell a host is unhealthy from the switch whereas inbound packet overflows on the host might not be monitored... or whatever is making the host slow to handle packets might also delay monitoring.
Sadly, I'm not too surprised to hear that. I wish we had more rapid iteration to improve such capabilities for real world use cases.
Things like back pressure and flow control are very powerful systems concepts, but intrinsically need there to be an identifiable flow to control! Our systems abstractions that multiplex and obfuscate flows are going to be unable to differentiate which application flow is the one that needs back pressure, and paint too-wide brush.
In my view, the fundamental problem is we're all trying to "have our cake and eat it". We expect our network core to be unaware of the edge device and application goals. We expect to be able to saturate an imaginary channel between two edge devices without any prearrangement, as if we're the only network users. We also expect our sparse and async background traffic to somehow get through promptly. We expect fault tolerance and graceful degradation. We expect fairness.
We don't really define or agree what is saturation, what is prompt, what is graceful, or what is fair... I think we often have selfish answers to these questions, and this yields a tragedy of the commons.
At the same time, we have so many layers of abstraction where useful flow information is effectively hidden from the layers beneath. That is even before you consider adversarial situations where the application is trying to confuse the issue.
Its not really used in normal networks.