Comment by jaen

If by enums you mean sum-type ADTs (like in Rust), then Python is certainly quite expressive - it has union types, which can represent polymorphic variants - those are slightly more expressive than pure Rust-style ADTs since you can arbitrarily subset or extend the enum cases.

  @dataclass @final class CaseA[T]:
     field: T

  type MyEnum[T] = CaseA[T] | CaseB

This also gets exhaustiveness checking in `match` statements (depending on the type checker). Overall, enums have a similar style to Scala and Java >=21 (mixing OO + ADT). I guess syntactically it can be slightly verbose depending on the exact situation... I wouldn't call them second class, but yeah, not a lot of existing libraries use this style.

Typed dicts (with the latest PEPs) are an improvement over any other language besides TypeScript. Yes, in TS, certainly `Partial` / `Pick` / `Omit` and intersection types make modeling the web API swamp easier, and that's one place TS is superior to anything else.

Python does have the Type Manipulation PEP 827 [1] out to give it similar powers to TS, but I feel that's unlikely to be implemented soon / as-is.

Having an effect system for exceptions would be nice indeed. That's actually something I'm looking into (having an "allowed exceptions" annotation for functions and then checking it at test-time via failure injection and possibly in type checkers).

[1]: https://peps.python.org/pep-0827/